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Learn why architecture, AI and continuous integration now matter for industrial development.",{"tag":10,"attributes":19},{"name":20,"content":17},"abstract",{"tag":10,"attributes":22},{"name":23,"content":24},"icbm","51.525772, -0.082716",{"tag":26,"attributes":27},"link",{"rel":28,"href":29},"canonical","https:\u002F\u002Fcms.zuehlke.com\u002Fen\u002Finsights\u002Fhow-development-changes-when-products-become-cyber-physical-systems",{"tag":10,"attributes":31},{"name":32,"content":33},"robots","index, 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floor",4662335,"image\u002Fjpeg",[224,229,230,235,240],{"name":225,"url":226,"width":227,"height":228},"FOCAL_POINT32_SMALL","https:\u002F\u002Fcms.zuehlke.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fstyles\u002Ffocal_point_3_2_small\u002Fpublic\u002Fimages\u002FHow%20development%20changes%20when%20products%20become%20cyber-physical%20systems.jpeg.webp?itok=kyI5fNKF",800,533,{"name":225,"url":226,"width":227,"height":228},{"name":231,"url":232,"width":233,"height":234},"FOCAL_POINT169_MEDIUM","https:\u002F\u002Fcms.zuehlke.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fstyles\u002Ffocal_point_16_9_medium\u002Fpublic\u002Fimages\u002FHow%20development%20changes%20when%20products%20become%20cyber-physical%20systems.jpeg.webp?itok=tkfIPE35",1200,675,{"name":236,"url":237,"width":238,"height":239},"FOCAL_POINT169_LARGE","https:\u002F\u002Fcms.zuehlke.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fstyles\u002Ffocal_point_16_9_large\u002Fpublic\u002Fimages\u002FHow%20development%20changes%20when%20products%20become%20cyber-physical%20systems.jpeg.webp?itok=Ul0onycZ",1600,900,{"name":236,"url":237,"width":238,"height":239},"How development changes when products become cyber-physical systems.jpeg","How cyber-physical systems change product development  ",{"processed":244},"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan lang=\"EN-US\">Cyber-physical systems are changing how products are built. Learn why architecture, AI and continuous integration now matter for industrial development. \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan lang=\"EN-US\">\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":215,"sharedMediaLegend":204,"mediaImage":246,"name":241},{"url":217,"width":218,"height":219,"alt":220,"title":204,"size":221,"mime":222,"variations":204},[248,255,284,290,315,320,326,369,375,381,431,436,475],{"__typename":249,"id":250,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":251,"pgSharedTitle":204,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"ParagraphPgText","35071",{"value":252,"processed":253,"format":254},"\u003Cp>For many organisations, this creates a fundamental challenge. Teams continue to operate in silos, software remains a supporting function rather than a strategic driver, and integration comes too late in the process. The result is rising complexity, slower delivery, and underwhelming user experiences.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>In the \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fnode\u002F27008\" title=\"Discover how the shift from hardware to systems can transform legacy knowledge into a lasting competitive advantage\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"3e460d90-4917-426a-8823-465dd00946e4\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\">first article in our series on cyber-physical systems\u003C\u002Fa>, we explored what this transition means for industrial companies: how the shift from physical products to integrated digital ecosystems is redefining where value is created, how competitive advantage is built, and how products are evolving into something fundamentally new.  \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>But as products evolve into interconnected systems, the way they are developed must evolve accordingly. \u003Cstrong>In this second article, we examine how cyber-physical systems are reshaping product development and why delivering them requires a different approach to engineering. \u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>For many organisations, this creates a fundamental challenge. Teams continue to operate in silos, software remains a supporting function rather than a strategic driver, and integration comes too late in the process. The result is rising complexity, slower delivery, and underwhelming user experiences.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>In the \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fen\u002Finsights\u002Fmoving-from-hardware-to-systems-how-to-turn-legacy-knowledge-into-the-ultimate-competitive\" title=\"Discover how the shift from hardware to systems can transform legacy knowledge into a lasting competitive advantage\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"3e460d90-4917-426a-8823-465dd00946e4\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\">first article in our series on cyber-physical systems\u003C\u002Fa>, we explored what this transition means for industrial companies: how the shift from physical products to integrated digital ecosystems is redefining where value is created, how competitive advantage is built, and how products are evolving into something fundamentally new.  \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>But as products evolve into interconnected systems, the way they are developed must evolve accordingly. \u003Cstrong>In this second article, we examine how cyber-physical systems are reshaping product development and why delivering them requires a different approach to engineering. \u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>","full_html",{"__typename":256,"id":257,"primaryImage":258,"pgCtaLink":278,"text":281,"title":282,"eyebrow":283},"ParagraphPgContentHero","35072",{"id":259,"sharedMediaLegend":204,"mediaImage":260,"name":277},"173069",{"url":261,"width":218,"height":219,"alt":262,"title":204,"size":263,"mime":222,"variations":204,"heroVariations":264},"https:\u002F\u002Fcms.zuehlke.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fimages\u002FTwo%20men%20in%20modern%20factory%20talking%20about%20a%20product.jpeg","Engineers reviewing industrial system and machine component",3832392,[265,269,270,273,276],{"name":266,"url":267,"width":227,"height":268},"FOCAL_POINT21_SMALL","https:\u002F\u002Fcms.zuehlke.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fstyles\u002Ffocal_point_2_1_small\u002Fpublic\u002Fimages\u002FTwo%20men%20in%20modern%20factory%20talking%20about%20a%20product.jpeg.webp?itok=Wxe5M8gN",400,{"name":266,"url":267,"width":227,"height":268},{"name":271,"url":272,"width":227,"height":227},"FOCAL_POINT11_SMALL","https:\u002F\u002Fcms.zuehlke.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fstyles\u002Ffocal_point_1_1_small\u002Fpublic\u002Fimages\u002FTwo%20men%20in%20modern%20factory%20talking%20about%20a%20product.jpeg.webp?itok=thkBEgR8",{"name":274,"url":275,"width":233,"height":233},"FOCAL_POINT11_MEDIUM","https:\u002F\u002Fcms.zuehlke.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fstyles\u002Ffocal_point_1_1_medium\u002Fpublic\u002Fimages\u002FTwo%20men%20in%20modern%20factory%20talking%20about%20a%20product.jpeg.webp?itok=OAojEvx3",{"name":274,"url":275,"width":233,"height":233},"Two men in modern factory talking about a product.jpeg",{"title":279,"url":280,"internal":7},"Read More","\u002Fen\u002Finsights\u002Fmoving-from-hardware-to-systems-how-to-turn-legacy-knowledge-into-the-ultimate-competitive","The basis of competition in the industrial sectors is changing. Success no longer depends on hardware alone, but on how effectively companies engineer cyber-physical systems.","Moving from hardware to systems: how to turn legacy knowledge into the ultimate competitive advantage","Insight",{"__typename":249,"id":285,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":286,"pgSharedTitle":289,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35073",{"value":287,"processed":288,"format":254},"\u003Cp>In traditional industrial products, value is created primarily by the \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fnode\u002F6657\" title=\"Discover our hardware engineering expertise\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"5eabedb3-f1ce-4ba4-8c31-bbb379c6f0ce\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\">performance of their physical components\u003C\u002Fa>: the precision of a bearing, the torque of a motor, or the durability of a chassis. Engineering excellence comes from how well those components are designed and manufactured.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Cyber-physical systems change that logic entirely.\u003C\u002Fstrong> Here, competitive advantage no longer resides in individual components, but in how software, connectivity, data, and user experience interact. \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>\u003Cstrong>No single component delivers value by itself. The system itself becomes the product.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh3>","\u003Cp>In traditional industrial products, value is created primarily by the \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fen\u002Fexpertise\u002Fhardware-engineering\" title=\"Discover our hardware engineering expertise\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"5eabedb3-f1ce-4ba4-8c31-bbb379c6f0ce\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\">performance of their physical components\u003C\u002Fa>: the precision of a bearing, the torque of a motor, or the durability of a chassis. Engineering excellence comes from how well those components are designed and manufactured.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Cyber-physical systems change that logic entirely.\u003C\u002Fstrong> Here, competitive advantage no longer resides in individual components, but in how software, connectivity, data, and user experience interact. \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>\u003Cstrong>No single component delivers value by itself. The system itself becomes the product.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh3>","When products become systems, development must change ",{"__typename":291,"id":292,"columns":293,"listItems":294,"text":204,"title":313,"variant":314},"ParagraphPgContentList","35123","2col",[295,306],{"id":296,"icon":297,"link":204,"logo":204,"media":204,"text":301,"title":305},"35121",{"id":298,"file":299},"170294",{"url":300},"https:\u002F\u002Fcms.zuehlke.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2024-07\u002Fdouble-arrow-right-icon.svg",{"value":302,"processed":303,"format":304},"\u003Cp>A Tesla, for example, illustrates this shift clearly. Its value does not come solely from its motor or battery technology, but \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fnode\u002F6648\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"06387f2d-d9fb-4aaf-8dc4-4b519c24d8c4\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\">from the integration\u003C\u002Fa> of the vehicle platform, battery management system, over-the-air software, autopilot stack, user interface, and continuously evolving software capabilities.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Remove that integration, and much of the product’s differentiation disappears with it. \u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>A Tesla, for example, illustrates this shift clearly. Its value does not come solely from its motor or battery technology, but \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fen\u002Fexpertise\u002Fdevops\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"06387f2d-d9fb-4aaf-8dc4-4b519c24d8c4\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\" title=\"EXPERTISE: DevOps (EN)\">from the integration\u003C\u002Fa> of the vehicle platform, battery management system, over-the-air software, autopilot stack, user interface, and continuously evolving software capabilities.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Remove that integration, and much of the product’s differentiation disappears with it. \u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>","content_list","Tesla",{"id":307,"icon":308,"link":204,"logo":204,"media":204,"text":310,"title":312},"35122",{"id":298,"file":309},{"url":300},{"value":311,"processed":311,"format":304},"\u003Cp>Hilti’s Nuron cordless tool platform illustrates the same transformation. What differentiates the platform is not only the tools themselves, but the connected ecosystem around them: intelligent batteries, fleet management, usage analytics, predictive maintenance, and integrated software services. \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Customers are no longer buying standalone equipment, but a connected operational ecosystem. \u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>","Hilti","Some industrial exemples","icon",{"__typename":249,"id":316,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":317,"pgSharedTitle":204,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35124",{"value":318,"processed":319,"format":254},"\u003Cp>This changes the basis of competition. Manufacturers can still build outstanding hardware and lose market share to competitors that deliver better system integration, faster software evolution, or superior digital experiences.  \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>For users, the difference between a cohesive solution and a fragmented product is immediately obvious. \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fnode\u002F6658\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"480b4094-73a1-4b31-ad44-9efc97f9329b\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\" title=\"See how seamless experiences bring connected products to life\">Well-designed systems feel seamless\u003C\u002Fa>, with physical and digital touchpoints that reinforce each other, intuitive workflows, and updates that improve the solution over time. Fragmented products, by contrast, create friction through disconnected and inconsistent digital interfaces.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>When value emerges from the system as a whole, isolated component engineering is no longer enough\u003C\u002Fstrong>. As a result, industrial companies must rethink not only the products they build, but also how they build them. \u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>This changes the basis of competition. Manufacturers can still build outstanding hardware and lose market share to competitors that deliver better system integration, faster software evolution, or superior digital experiences.  \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>For users, the difference between a cohesive solution and a fragmented product is immediately obvious. \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fen\u002Fexpertise\u002Fexperience-design\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"480b4094-73a1-4b31-ad44-9efc97f9329b\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\" title=\"See how seamless experiences bring connected products to life\">Well-designed systems feel seamless\u003C\u002Fa>, with physical and digital touchpoints that reinforce each other, intuitive workflows, and updates that improve the solution over time. Fragmented products, by contrast, create friction through disconnected and inconsistent digital interfaces.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>When value emerges from the system as a whole, isolated component engineering is no longer enough\u003C\u002Fstrong>. As a result, industrial companies must rethink not only the products they build, but also how they build them. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":249,"id":321,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":322,"pgSharedTitle":325,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35074",{"value":323,"processed":324,"format":254},"\u003Cp>A fundamental shift in cyber-physical systems is that product development no longer ends at launch.  \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Conventional hardware products followed a linear lifecycle. A product was developed, released on a specific date, incrementally improved through service updates, and eventually, teams pivoted and replaced it with the next generation. Because functionality remained relatively stable after launch, development could largely operate through sequential handovers between disciplines and late-stage integration.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Cyber-physical systems change those assumptions\u003C\u002Fstrong>. They are never truly complete, as software upgrades extend utility, \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fnode\u002F6647\" title=\"Explore how data solutions unlock system intelligence\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"685fea0a-4ce0-4b5d-ba0f-6fb137f51971\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\">operational data surfaces new behaviours\u003C\u002Fa>, and AI models introduce new autonomous functions.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>As products continue to evolve after deployment, traditional development models are increasingly difficult to sustain. Sequential handovers between teams grow more fragile as decisions in one area ripple across the entire system. With rising complexity, integration begins to expose interface gaps and hidden dependencies that are difficult to detect early. The later these issues surface, the more costly and disruptive they are to resolve\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Development shifts from delivering finished products to managing continuously changing systems\u003C\u002Fstrong>. As a result, several development practices become essential: \u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>A fundamental shift in cyber-physical systems is that product development no longer ends at launch.  \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Conventional hardware products followed a linear lifecycle. A product was developed, released on a specific date, incrementally improved through service updates, and eventually, teams pivoted and replaced it with the next generation. Because functionality remained relatively stable after launch, development could largely operate through sequential handovers between disciplines and late-stage integration.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Cyber-physical systems change those assumptions\u003C\u002Fstrong>. They are never truly complete, as software upgrades extend utility, \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fen\u002Fexpertise\u002Fdata-solutions\" title=\"Explore how data solutions unlock system intelligence\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"685fea0a-4ce0-4b5d-ba0f-6fb137f51971\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\">operational data surfaces new behaviours\u003C\u002Fa>, and AI models introduce new autonomous functions.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>As products continue to evolve after deployment, traditional development models are increasingly difficult to sustain. Sequential handovers between teams grow more fragile as decisions in one area ripple across the entire system. With rising complexity, integration begins to expose interface gaps and hidden dependencies that are difficult to detect early. The later these issues surface, the more costly and disruptive they are to resolve\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Development shifts from delivering finished products to managing continuously changing systems\u003C\u002Fstrong>. As a result, several development practices become essential: \u003C\u002Fp>","What needs to become standard in development ",{"__typename":291,"id":327,"columns":328,"listItems":329,"text":204,"title":204,"variant":314},"35082","3col",[330,339,345,351,357,363],{"id":331,"icon":332,"link":204,"logo":204,"media":204,"text":336,"title":338},"35076",{"id":333,"file":334},"171942",{"url":335},"https:\u002F\u002Fcms.zuehlke.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2025-07\u002Fplus-triple-icon.svg",{"value":337,"processed":337,"format":304},"","Product management becomes iterative rather than specification-driven",{"id":340,"icon":341,"link":204,"logo":204,"media":204,"text":343,"title":344},"35077",{"id":333,"file":342},{"url":335},{"value":337,"processed":337,"format":304},"Engineering starts with system-level outcomes, not isolated components",{"id":346,"icon":347,"link":204,"logo":204,"media":204,"text":349,"title":350},"35078",{"id":333,"file":348},{"url":335},{"value":337,"processed":337,"format":304},"User validation shifts earlier and remains integrated throughout development",{"id":352,"icon":353,"link":204,"logo":204,"media":204,"text":355,"title":356},"35079",{"id":333,"file":354},{"url":335},{"value":337,"processed":337,"format":304},"Cross-functional teams replace less effective department-oriented organisations ",{"id":358,"icon":359,"link":204,"logo":204,"media":204,"text":361,"title":362},"35080",{"id":333,"file":360},{"url":335},{"value":337,"processed":337,"format":304},"Developers optimise for system behaviour rather than individual component performance  ",{"id":364,"icon":365,"link":204,"logo":204,"media":204,"text":367,"title":368},"35081",{"id":333,"file":366},{"url":335},{"value":337,"processed":337,"format":304},"Hardware platforms must be designed to support years of future software capabilities ",{"__typename":249,"id":370,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":371,"pgSharedTitle":374,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35125",{"value":372,"processed":373,"format":254},"\u003Cp>Traditional product development begins with components and integrates them into a finished product. Cyber-physical systems development starts with the intended outcome and designs the system to deliver it. \u003Cstrong>When value is created through system behaviour, architecture becomes the central discipline, rather than a background engineering concern. \u003C\u002Fstrong> \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>In practice, architecture becomes one of the primary determinants of whether products can evolve successfully or descend into growing complexity. This requires clear links between user needs, system requirements, and implementation decisions so that functionality, trade-offs, and costs remain aligned throughout the product lifecycle.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>To support this evolution, architectures must provide:\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-list-item-id=\"ecfb475ccb0a183fdbc1a89dee82e9087\">Clear traceability from business goals to system requirements  \u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-list-item-id=\"e536170be21c900e7d05a327cf2379ecd\">Interfaces that allow teams and subsystems to evolve independently\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-list-item-id=\"ea0caac281914f9edbf443bc2ccbf884a\">Modular functions that combine into customer-facing features  \u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-list-item-id=\"eb0b72c76a43c66aea35d9dae911cc7f3\">Low coupling between subsystems and strong cohesion within them\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp>These principles allow cross-functional teams to work independently while maintaining overall system coherence. Without them, integration slows, dependencies accumulate, and product changes become harder to deliver reliably. Teams that bypass proper system architecture because they “need to move fast” often face the consequences later through escalating costs, integration challenges, and reduced responsiveness to changing consumer needs.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Architecture is therefore the foundation for sustainable adaptation and integration over time.\u003C\u002Fstrong> As \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fnode\u002F6652\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"075b42ba-2edd-4da7-9b83-47728af8435a\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\" title=\"See how software engineering enables adaptable cyber-physical systems\">systems become increasingly software-defined\u003C\u002Fa>, technologies such as AI play a growing role in shaping product capabilities, behaviour, and experience. \u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>Traditional product development begins with components and integrates them into a finished product. Cyber-physical systems development starts with the intended outcome and designs the system to deliver it. \u003Cstrong>When value is created through system behaviour, architecture becomes the central discipline, rather than a background engineering concern. \u003C\u002Fstrong> \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>In practice, architecture becomes one of the primary determinants of whether products can evolve successfully or descend into growing complexity. This requires clear links between user needs, system requirements, and implementation decisions so that functionality, trade-offs, and costs remain aligned throughout the product lifecycle.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>To support this evolution, architectures must provide:\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Clear traceability from business goals to system requirements  \u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Interfaces that allow teams and subsystems to evolve independently\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Modular functions that combine into customer-facing features  \u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Low coupling between subsystems and strong cohesion within them\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp>These principles allow cross-functional teams to work independently while maintaining overall system coherence. Without them, integration slows, dependencies accumulate, and product changes become harder to deliver reliably. Teams that bypass proper system architecture because they “need to move fast” often face the consequences later through escalating costs, integration challenges, and reduced responsiveness to changing consumer needs.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Architecture is therefore the foundation for sustainable adaptation and integration over time.\u003C\u002Fstrong> As \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fen\u002Fexpertise\u002Fsoftware-engineering\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"075b42ba-2edd-4da7-9b83-47728af8435a\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\" title=\"See how software engineering enables adaptable cyber-physical systems\">systems become increasingly software-defined\u003C\u002Fa>, technologies such as AI play a growing role in shaping product capabilities, behaviour, and experience. \u003C\u002Fp>","Architecture becomes more important than ever ",{"__typename":249,"id":376,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":377,"pgSharedTitle":380,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35139",{"value":378,"processed":379,"format":254},"\u003Cp>AI amplifies many of the changes already transforming cyber-physical systems. Importantly, it creates value through coordinated product behaviour rather than as an isolated feature\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>For example, an \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fnode\u002F26858\" title=\"Explore how AI enables intelligent industrial products\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"e5e267a4-50d1-473d-a602-2c8886fc3404\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\">anomaly detection model\u003C\u002Fa> is only valuable if it can access the right sensor data, integrate with maintenance workflow, and trigger the appropriate physical response. It depends on strong system architecture, seamless integration between components, and a clear understanding of how the overall system solves meaningful customer problems. \u003Cstrong>Organisations that treat AI as an isolated software feature often discover that these foundations are missing.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Designing \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fnode\u002F26945\" title=\"See how industrial leaders scale AI across connected systems\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"15543f2c-5ebb-46f7-99e7-f8598f4bd30b\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\">AI-enabled products\u003C\u002Fa> starts with intended outcomes rather than standalone features. Because future requirements remain inherently uncertain, organisations must anticipate shifts in users, markets, and operating environments.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This becomes even more important as \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fnode\u002F26486\" title=\"See how organisations turn AI ambition into real-world impact\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"915b40f2-5188-4476-b86c-7e831565887f\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\">AI capabilities evolve rapidly\u003C\u002Fa>. Organisations can no longer assume that software functionality will remain stable across long hardware lifecycles. Products increasingly need architectures capable of absorbing future AI capabilities that do not yet fully exist.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>AI is also reshaping how intelligent systems are developed\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Used effectively, it can support systems engineering through automated consistency checks, architecture reviews, dependency analysis, and integration risk assessment. When system relationships are clearly defined, AI can propose mitigations and perform plausibility checks across requirements and implementation layers.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>But despite rapid technological progress, many companies still approach AI and cyber-physical systems with outdated assumptions on product development. Over time, that disconnect becomes a growing competitive risk. \u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>AI amplifies many of the changes already transforming cyber-physical systems. Importantly, it creates value through coordinated product behaviour rather than as an isolated feature\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>For example, an \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fen\u002Finsights\u002Fphysical-ai-in-the-industrial-sector-from-automation-to-intelligent-action\" title=\"Explore how AI enables intelligent industrial products\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"e5e267a4-50d1-473d-a602-2c8886fc3404\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\">anomaly detection model\u003C\u002Fa> is only valuable if it can access the right sensor data, integrate with maintenance workflow, and trigger the appropriate physical response. It depends on strong system architecture, seamless integration between components, and a clear understanding of how the overall system solves meaningful customer problems. \u003Cstrong>Organisations that treat AI as an isolated software feature often discover that these foundations are missing.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Designing \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fen\u002Finsights\u002Fthe-industrial-cybernetic-enterprise-how-ctos-scale-ai-in-industrial-sector\" title=\"See how industrial leaders scale AI across connected systems\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"15543f2c-5ebb-46f7-99e7-f8598f4bd30b\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\">AI-enabled products\u003C\u002Fa> starts with intended outcomes rather than standalone features. Because future requirements remain inherently uncertain, organisations must anticipate shifts in users, markets, and operating environments.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This becomes even more important as \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fen\u002Fexpertise\u002Fai-implementation\" title=\"See how organisations turn AI ambition into real-world impact\" data-entity-type=\"node\" data-entity-uuid=\"915b40f2-5188-4476-b86c-7e831565887f\" data-entity-substitution=\"canonical\">AI capabilities evolve rapidly\u003C\u002Fa>. Organisations can no longer assume that software functionality will remain stable across long hardware lifecycles. Products increasingly need architectures capable of absorbing future AI capabilities that do not yet fully exist.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>AI is also reshaping how intelligent systems are developed\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Used effectively, it can support systems engineering through automated consistency checks, architecture reviews, dependency analysis, and integration risk assessment. When system relationships are clearly defined, AI can propose mitigations and perform plausibility checks across requirements and implementation layers.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>But despite rapid technological progress, many companies still approach AI and cyber-physical systems with outdated assumptions on product development. Over time, that disconnect becomes a growing competitive risk. \u003C\u002Fp>","How does AI fit into this picture? ",{"__typename":382,"id":383,"title":384,"lead":385,"tabs":386},"ParagraphTab","35138","The six most common mistakes industrial companies make","As modern industrial products become increasingly software-defined, many organisations still apply development approaches built for a different era. The same failure patterns continue to appear. ",[387,395,402,409,416,424],{"infoText":388,"pgSharedParagraphs":389},"Adding digital capabilities without systems thinking",[390],{"id":391,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":392,"pgSharedTitle":394,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35126",{"value":393,"processed":393,"format":254},"\u003Cp>Many companies add software and connectivity without redesigning the underlying system. The result is often a mechanical product with disconnected digital features layered on top rather than an intelligent end-to-end system.  \u003C\u002Fp>","Adding digital capabilities without systems thinking ",{"infoText":396,"pgSharedParagraphs":397},"Treating software as an add-on ",[398],{"id":399,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":400,"pgSharedTitle":396,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35128",{"value":401,"processed":401,"format":254},"\u003Cp>Locking down hardware design before software requirements are stable remains standard practice in many organisations. In cyber-physical systems, hardware and software shape each other and must evolve together through system architecture.  \u003C\u002Fp>",{"infoText":403,"pgSharedParagraphs":404},"Starting with hardware instead of system value ",[405],{"id":406,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":407,"pgSharedTitle":403,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35130",{"value":408,"processed":408,"format":254},"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan lang=\"EN-GB\">In many projects, the first document produced is a hardware block diagram. Client needs and customer value are often addressed too late through requirement documents that few people meaningfully use. As a result, architectures often reflect what teams know how to build rather than what consumers actually need.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>",{"infoText":410,"pgSharedParagraphs":411},"Fixing discipline specifications too early ",[412],{"id":413,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":414,"pgSharedTitle":410,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35132",{"value":415,"processed":415,"format":254},"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan lang=\"EN-GB\">Final product specifications must eventually stabilise. During development, however, agile teams need to focus on the system features to be supported, which may result in incomplete printed circuit boards or mechanical components.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>",{"infoText":417,"pgSharedParagraphs":418},"Approaching integration as a late-stage milestone ",[419],{"id":420,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":421,"pgSharedTitle":423,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35134",{"value":422,"processed":422,"format":254},"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan lang=\"EN-GB\">Gaps in design and interface specifications inevitably emerge during interdisciplinary integration. The more complex the interfaces, the more difficult and time-consuming integration becomes. System integration is then essential for reducing risk and managing complexity early.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>","Approaching system integration as a late-stage milestone ",{"infoText":425,"pgSharedParagraphs":426},"Changing diagrams instead of changing mindsets ",[427],{"id":428,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":429,"pgSharedTitle":425,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35136",{"value":430,"processed":430,"format":254},"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan lang=\"EN-GB\">Agile development in complex systems requires system-level thinking, comfort with uncertainty, and a culture that treats failure as learning. The real challenge is enabling this shift within development teams that have operated in silos for decades.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":249,"id":432,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":433,"pgSharedTitle":435,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35140",{"value":434,"processed":434,"format":254},"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan>For companies and product organisations building complex systems, the question is no longer whether to adapt, but how quickly to do so. \u003Cstrong>Five priorities are critical to making that transition successfully.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>","Key takeaways: what should organisations do now?",{"__typename":382,"id":437,"title":204,"lead":204,"tabs":438},"35093",[439,447,454,461,468],{"infoText":440,"pgSharedParagraphs":441},"1. Identify the real user needs before scaling development",[442],{"id":443,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":444,"pgSharedTitle":446,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35083",{"value":445,"processed":445,"format":254},"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan lang=\"EN-GB\">Successful products solve the right problem, not just a well-engineered one. User needs should be validated early through research and testing before committing to large-scale development. Throughout the product lifecycle, teams must persistently assess whether the system delivers measurable value for clients and the business. \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>","1. Identify the real user needs before scaling development ",{"infoText":448,"pgSharedParagraphs":449},"2. Apply system thinking from the start ",[450],{"id":451,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":452,"pgSharedTitle":448,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35085",{"value":453,"processed":453,"format":254},"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan lang=\"EN-GB\">Complex products should be designed as part of a wider ecosystem, not isolated solutions. Systems thinking helps teams understand dependencies, trade-offs, interfaces, and lifecycle impacts across the full value chain. This creates products that remain adaptable, resilient, and predictable in real-world use.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>",{"infoText":455,"pgSharedParagraphs":456},"3. Build a genuinely agile organisation",[457],{"id":458,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":459,"pgSharedTitle":455,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35087",{"value":460,"processed":460,"format":254},"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan lang=\"EN-GB\">Agile is not ensured by sprints and retrospectives alone. Effective organisations focus on continuous learning, rapid feedback, and value delivery through the Plan – Do – Check – Act cycle. This requires an appropriate failure culture, where experimentation is encouraged, creativity is valued, risks are addressed early, and learning is prioritised across leadership and development teams alike. \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>",{"infoText":462,"pgSharedParagraphs":463},"4. Integrate and validate continuously ",[464],{"id":465,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":466,"pgSharedTitle":462,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35089",{"value":467,"processed":467,"format":254},"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan lang=\"EN-GB\">Early and frequent continuous system integration allows teams to evaluate product behaviour and user value early and often. Rather than waiting for late-stage integration, organisations should regularly combine development outputs into testable system features. This demands both technical discipline and leadership support.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>",{"infoText":469,"pgSharedParagraphs":470},"5. Use and plan for AI wherever sensible ",[471],{"id":472,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":473,"pgSharedTitle":469,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35091",{"value":474,"processed":474,"format":254},"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan lang=\"EN-GB\">AI is rapidly reshaping both products and product development. In development, it can serve as an exoskeleton to improve productivity and accelerate decision-making. Organisations should therefore design systems and architectures that can evolve alongside AI and hardware capabilities while using AI tools today to support engineering, delivery, and innovation. \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":249,"id":476,"ctaLink":204,"pgSharedText":477,"pgSharedTitle":204,"pgSharedCtaLink":204},"35094",{"value":478,"processed":478,"format":254},"\u003Cp>Industrial companies spent decades optimising development around predictability, stability, and component excellence. Increasingly, those assumptions are no longer sufficient. In cyber-physical systems, complexity does not remain static after launch.\u003Cstrong> Products continue adapting, dependencies continue growing, and integration becomes a permanent engineering challenge rather than a final development phase. \u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>The real transformation is not only technological, but organisational.\u003C\u002Fstrong> Building cyber-physical systems ultimately requires development models designed for iterative adaptation rather than stable, isolated products. \u003C\u002Fp>",[480],{"id":481,"name":482},"10","Industrial sector",[484,487,490,493,496],{"id":485,"name":486},"110","AI",{"id":488,"name":489},"19","Digital strategy",{"id":491,"name":492},"887","Business transformation",{"id":494,"name":495},"20","Hardware engineering",{"id":497,"name":498},"21","Software engineering",{"processed":500},"\u003Cp>Industrial products are evolving into cyber-physical systems. From medical devices to manufacturing equipment, competitive advantage is no longer defined by physical performance alone, but by how hardware, software, connectivity, data, and AI work together.\u003C\u002Fp>\n",{"timestamp":502},1779451200,[504,526],{"status":7,"contactName":505,"contactProfession":506,"contactLinkedinUrl":507,"sharedEmail":510,"sharedRefMedia":511},"Réka Leisztner","Principal Consulting Manager",{"title":337,"url":508,"internal":509},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fin\u002Frekaleisztner\u002F",false,"reka.leisztner@zuehlke.com",{"id":512,"sharedMediaLegend":204,"mediaImage":513,"name":525},"170356",{"url":514,"width":515,"height":515,"alt":516,"title":204,"size":517,"mime":222,"variations":204,"authorVariations":518},"https:\u002F\u002Fcms.zuehlke.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fimages\u002Freka-leisztner.jpeg",648,"Reka Leisztner, Lead Business Consultant, Zühlke",60074,[519,521,522,523,524],{"name":271,"url":520,"width":515,"height":515},"https:\u002F\u002Fcms.zuehlke.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fstyles\u002Ffocal_point_1_1_small\u002Fpublic\u002Fimages\u002Freka-leisztner.jpeg.webp?itok=g6Nji75n",{"name":271,"url":520,"width":515,"height":515},{"name":271,"url":520,"width":515,"height":515},{"name":271,"url":520,"width":515,"height":515},{"name":271,"url":520,"width":515,"height":515},"reka-leisztner.jpeg",{"status":7,"contactName":527,"contactProfession":528,"contactLinkedinUrl":529,"sharedEmail":531,"sharedRefMedia":532},"Thomas Weber","Director Systems Consulting",{"title":337,"url":530,"internal":509},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fin\u002Fthomas-weber-27-04-\u002F","thomas.weber@zuehlke.com",{"id":533,"sharedMediaLegend":204,"mediaImage":534,"name":545},"172936",{"url":535,"width":515,"height":515,"alt":536,"title":204,"size":537,"mime":222,"variations":204,"authorVariations":538},"https:\u002F\u002Fcms.zuehlke.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fimages\u002F2026_Thomas_Weber.jpg","Thomas_Weber_byb",315422,[539,541,542,543,544],{"name":271,"url":540,"width":515,"height":515},"https:\u002F\u002Fcms.zuehlke.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fstyles\u002Ffocal_point_1_1_small\u002Fpublic\u002Fimages\u002F2026_Thomas_Weber.jpg.webp?itok=rYkBGy6D",{"name":271,"url":540,"width":515,"height":515},{"name":271,"url":540,"width":515,"height":515},{"name":271,"url":540,"width":515,"height":515},{"name":271,"url":540,"width":515,"height":515},"2026_Thomas_Weber.jpg",[547,576,603,629],{"id":548,"path":549,"sharedTeaserTitle":550,"sharedTeaserRefMedia":551,"sharedTaxrefIndustries":570,"sharedTaxrefExpertises":574},"26939","\u002Fen\u002Finsights\u002Fthe-rise-of-the-agentic-enterprise-ais-role-in-business-transformation","Agentic Enterprise: AI’s role in business transformation",{"id":552,"sharedMediaLegend":204,"mediaImage":553,"name":569},"172891",{"url":554,"width":555,"height":556,"alt":557,"title":204,"size":558,"mime":222,"variations":204,"relatedContentVariations":559},"https:\u002F\u002Fcms.zuehlke.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fimages\u002Fagentic_enteprise_main.jpeg",1280,720,"Abstract digital illustration of flowing, translucent ribbon-like waves in blue, teal, and purple, overlaid with faint lines of code and small glowing points, suggesting agentic AI 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